Synopsis Computer and Online Hotel Management Free Essays

Numerous organizations encountered the effect of new innovations during the 1980s and mid 1990s. It has as of late been understood that the advances are uniting, raising increasingly essential expertise and resourcing. Innovation while still de-aptitude an enormous number of employments. We will compose a custom exposition test on Rundown: Computer and Online Hotel Management or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now The accentuation has moved from individuals with specialized staff to utilize advanced PC innovation and show significant levels of client care (Nuseibe, 2010). The fundamental reason for this exploration is to encourage client orders online determination, online bill installments and encourage clients by offering quick request conveyance. All information the executives because of brought together information successfully. The framework will give snappy access in a simple to acquire the essential data about the current condition of the café. The state will educate you regarding various arrangements offered by the café. Various kinds of information are given by the age of reports that help in settling on choices based on these reports. Objective The primary target of building up the proposed framework is to encourage the client by the simple availability and accommodation, the UI will so natural to utilize that clients can put arranges, and can experience inn data online 24/7. Survey of Literature Al-Ahmad (2006) perceived that Object-Oriented Pprogramming (OOP) can be clarified as a model for building programming. In OOP, a program execution is viewed as a physical model, recreating either a genuine or fanciful piece of the world. In OOP, ideas in the order (things, conduct, connections, and so forth ) and genuine marvels (exceptional instances of airplane, flight, security stocks, and so forth. ) are spoken to as classes and articles, individually, in the model of PC framework. In OOP, key ideas are demonstrated as classes that are requested progressively with the goal that another class (subclass) is commonly characterized dependent on a given class (super class) utilizing legacy. Dhamayanthi and Thangavel (2006) embraced the system. NET is a lot of items for the turn of events and the executives of frameworks with layered structures and article situated. A system for the most part incorporate a few plan designs is too . NET, The Assist designs creating the edge engineering reasonable for various applications without overhaul. An extra preferred position is that the structure perceives the plan design you use. This paper is expected to introduce . NET renditions for chose basic examples. With the seven basic examples talked about by Gang of Four (GOF), five are find with the assistance of . NET system. Gogolla et al. (2007) expressed that Unified Modeling Language (UML) It gives critical today as a standard for programming advancement. UML apparatuses anyway offer light help for model approval and review in the beginning periods of advancement. Nor is there noteworthy help for the Object Constraint Language (OCL). We present a methodology for the help of UML models and OCL requirements dependent on activity and documentation. The reason instrument (UML-based condition under) bolsters experts, creators and designers in executing UML models and OCL requirements assessment and thusly permits them to utilize model-based strategies for programming choice. Thomas et al. (2008) said the organized inquiry language (SQL) is a language utilized with intuitive regular social databases. A SQL articulation is a unit of execution that profits a solitary outcome set from a database. A show is the consequence of a product glitch that gives an aggressor access to a PC framework automatic. SQLIV permit passage assailant to alter SQL structure by means of a SQL infusion assault (SQLIA), which changes the rationale of the SQL articulation. An assault is a succession of activities that abuse the weakness, regularly with obliterating outcomes. A SQLIA is a SQL infusion endeavor characters and/or catchphrases in the passage of a SQL proclamation to adjust the structure of the announcement Koopmann (2009) clarified that an expression of alert with new concealed file capacity to be mindful to the next lists made or changed without your insight undetectable. In the event that you need to look out for SQL record structures which currently need to include checking this section perceivability or probably you won't see the full picture of the lists that are being kept up by DML however don't add to the seleactivity. This could turn into a bad dream for concealed applications while doing a great deal of inclusion, refreshing or erasure. Farooq (2010) announced that The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is an Object Management Group. Item arranged. Demonstrating data standard. it comprises of a lot of documentations for displaying frameworks assorted variety of perspectives and at various degrees of speculation. While the UML mirrors the absolute best models Object-arranged displaying encounters introduced, there is an absence of semantic accuracy that is basic whether to utilize the documentations to precisely show frameworks to cause serious and on the models. Zaveri and Hammerstrom (2010) discribed (SQL) Structured Query Language that is utilized to coordinate the database middleware on these classes and modules database applications are one of the biggest area programming and generally significant on the planet. A portion of the classes or modules in such applications are liable for database activities. SQL is utilized to trade a couple of words with the database middleware on these classes or modules. It very well may be given intelligently or appended to a host language. The target of this work is required to programming advancement surrenders in PL/SQL documents utilizing measurements. In light of genuine task information desert, The SQL measurements are experimentally approved by examining its relationship with the likelihood of mistake identification through PL/SQL records. Ruparelia (2010) clarified a web application server helps a standard HTTP web server applications from a standard Web server to play out a vvariety of assignments, for example, structure handling and database get to. The prevalent Web application server for the well known open source Apache Web server is (PHP Hypertext Prepprocessor). This report gives an outline of the PHP pprogramming language and its significant usefulness, including structure testing and database get to. The paper likewise examines grounds uses of PHP, including grounds administration extends, a field of software engineering in the advancement of web applications and understudy ventures. Liu (2010) said it is a mainstream result premise SQL database that can’t transmit recursive inquiries, for example, ability extend; truth be told, another structure was added to SQL3 to beat this restriction. Notwithstanding, the sign of this state is generally given as a kind of perspective to the proof that social variable based math can’t express such inquiries. SQL, then again, in the entirety of its usage has three perspectives that vary essentially from social variable based math: in particular, gathering, number-crunching activities, and conglomeration. Allison (2011) detailed that advancement is an article situated examination and programming configuration approach where framework fashioners accept in wording of† things† rather than tasks and factors. This includes planning object classes and relations between these classes. A class module is a â€Å"idea† that gives a model to the characteristics and administrations that the item is. An item is an event of the class module. Materials and Methods There are numerous issues in the manual framework, since this arrangement of electronic data is entered and furthermore ready to realize the information is kept up in the PC framework. There are numerous courses through which can be created programming application. All business associations with the goal that you can without much of a stretch recuperate, and the administration framework database is valuable for these assignments. Decreased time utilization by utilizing electronic frameworks. This is liable for these assignments. Plain information will be controlled by providing orders (Sharifian, et al. 2011). The graphical UI will be utilized as the front end, and created in PHP or ASP. SQL server is utilized for foundation plan, stockpiling and treatment of information. Various reports are produced as required. Information repetition is evacuated by the SQL server (Rao and Babu, 2009). The technique will be utilized water fall in the lodging the executives framework. In the cascade procedure strategy incorporates the distinguishing proof and choice of undertakings, venture inception and arranging, examination, plan, usage and upkeep. In the main period of the data needs of the framework will be recognized. After the principal stage the gantt diagram will be created as a timetable for the assurance of the errand in the venture inception and arranging stage. During examination stage the examination will be done, remembering the trading of thoughts for programming, which will be going to be and what reason will be satisfied. At that point, the sensible plan stage data framework will be intended for the UI. The interface assumes a significant job in associating the client with the framework. The most effective method to refer to Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management, Papers

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

Venture the executives - Essay Example In this regard, the gathering twists and makes incredible walks in numerous scholarly challenges. In any case, the self assured person doesn't have a solid bond in their gathering. The individual gathering part are centered around their own objectives as opposed to the general gathering objective accomplishment. The conduct of the positive thinker is moderate and constraining from numerous points of view. The self assured person bunch ingrains the way of life of difficult work among the individuals from the general public. As indicated by Mccalman (2008), the confident person is related with idiocy and fatigue. The hopeful person for the most part is techno-adroit and is the cream of society with respect to proficiency and strengthening. The shortcoming of the gathering is that it has low social rating. The disappointment of the gathering individuals to interface with individuals doesn't deny them of data on the present undertakings. The inclination just makes them less touchy to the human worth others. Their significant spotlight on machines lie PCs is the group’s weakness. The hopeful person is the cream of society and they are initiators of all advancements inside the general public. The group’s determination upgrades abuses in the innovative circle. The gathering part for the most part invests quite a bit of their energy riding web. This infers their lives are exclusively founded on the web and other PC applications. Slashdot is additionally a discussion, which is much of the time got to by the hopeful individuals. The hopeful person additionally upgrades innovations and they help make new contraptions to the market. The hypothesis to be set up is the reasoning learning hypothesis. This hypothesis will include all the parts of practically the various learning hypothesis. This owes to the way that basically all the procedures relating to learning are liable to deduction. Thusly, it is judicious to set up this hypothesis dependent on the way tha t reasoning is a variable of learning. Mccalman (2008) states that subjective â€gestalt hypothesis uncovers how a

Blog Archive Immersion Weeks at Penn State Smeal

Blog Archive Immersion Weeks at Penn State Smeal Pennsylvania State University’s Smeal College of Business  is known for balancing traditional coursework with immersive learning. Smeal’s modular curriculum structure includes four seven-week modules during each of the two years of the MBA program. Beginning with “Concentration Week,” students participate in various seminars to learn more about the program’s seven available concentrations. The third module, for example, focuses on such themes as “Leadership Communications” and “Strategy.” The first year culminates in a capstone case competition, in which students work in teams to present business strategies to a panel. Smeal’s curriculum also includes a required international experience component, the “Global Immersion,” which takes place in the second year. Students travel to such countries as Chile, India, and China to visit international organizations across various industries. Share ThisTweet B-Schools Outside the Top 15 Smeal College of Business

Females, Like Males, Are Capable Of Being Airborne Rangers

Females Should Have the Right to Be Airborne Rangers Females, like males, are capable of being Airborne Rangers. A current example of this is the recent success of two females who were able to pass the daunting task of Ranger School on August 21, 2015. Sadly, there are still restrictions that limit the type of professions that women are allowed to be in the United States Military. These females proved that not only are various females competent but also are capable of doing just as worthy of a job if not superior to their male counterparts. Yet, after graduating Ranger school these two decorated female soldiers were still not allowed to go into the Ranger Regiment as stated in a CNN article. â€Å"Unlike the male graduates, the two women can†¦show more content†¦The standards for females in their respective military branches have always been subjected to lower terms rather than the set of standards set for males, as noted in the Military APFT (Army Physical Fitness Test) policy; for example, in the bracket of 17-21 years old, to pass females need 19 pushups and males need 42 pushups (Appendix A). However, for the first time in the military, Ranger school qualifications are not being subjected to these lower terms as the military normally does. Females are finally allowed to try out for the toughest United States Army Military School that the military has to offer. These selected females have shown that not only do they have what it takes to accomplish the toughest Army military school there is to this date, but they were also able to do it without the United States military branches or society lowering the standards for their qualifications. This is surprising since the females’ standards are lowered in every other branch of the U.S. Military. The selected females who passed the Ranger school qualifications have what it takes to be able to join their Ranger brothers (front lines) and should be given the right to join the elite 75th Ranger Regiment. They have earned and deserved the right to go to the Ranger Combat Zone, just like their male counterparts who passed the same program. As Admiral Jon Greenert stated in the CNN

Miles Davis Analysis - so What and Autumn Leaves Essay

‘So What’ Miles Davis Solo Analysis Miles Davis’ solo is very minimalistic mainly using crotchet and quaver rhythms throughout with the occasional triplet or semiquaver grace note. For the A sections of the first chorus he bases phrases around the minor pentatonic scale. He develops his opening motif (bar 2 of A1) in bar 4-7 returning to the root (E) in between each ascending then descending phrase going up to the 7th (D) in the final variation of the motif. The phrase lengths are irregular; Davis generally uses shorter phrases in the E minor Sections taking a vertical approach to the improvisation then uses longer phrases in the contrasting F minor section where he takes a more horizontal approach. In A1 of the second chorus Davis’†¦show more content†¦Davis uses his opening phrase, an upbeat crotchet followed by another 3 crotchets, at the start of both choruses and continues to use the 3 crotchet pattern throughout the solo for example bar 7 of A2 in chorus 1. He also uses the pair of quavers starting or ending a phrase motif from ‘So What’ throughout this solo for example bar 7 of A1 chorus 1. From the start of this solo Davis’ makes use of the upper extensions starting on the 9th (E) of the D minor chord. He tends to start the majority of phrases on the 4th of the chord being played at the time and also emphasises the 6th at the end of some phrases (bar 7, A1 in chorus 1) using the F# over an A minor chord. In general phrases last for about 2 bars although the phrase lengths increase during the middle of the solo. One of the standout melodic phrases is the partly chromatic semiquaver/triplet run in bar 7, A1 in the second chorus followed by the repeated triplet pattern in the following bar. This phrase contrasts with the rest of the solo and adds variation and excitement whilst moving the solo forwards. Davis uses triplet scalic/chromatic runs in order to emphasise notes at the start of phrases for example, bar 8 of A1 in section 1 where the runs l eads to the G which emphasises the use of the 11th over the D minor chord. Miles Davis also uses ghost notes in this solo (bar 6 of A2 chorus) in order to vary the dynamic levelsShow MoreRelatedCorporate Governance in Banking: a Conceptual Framework9571 Words   |  39 Pagesmanagers of banks; all of it assumes that banks conform to the concept of the firm used in Agency Theory. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the limitations of that assumption and to propose an alternative conceptual framework more suitable to its analysis. We argue that commercial banks are distinguished by a more complex structure of information asymmetry arising from the presence of regulation. 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Customer Relationship Management ( Crm ) - 1223 Words

Customer relationship management (CRM) is an essential part of every modern business. At the beginning of 21st century, the customer power dramatically increased due to Internet and technology development. The objectives of CRM are to build profitable and long-term relationships with customers. CRM is a complete system that provides a 360-degree view of the customer. It is also a method that tends to capture the experience of the consumers, and gain their trust to remain loyal customers. It is also considered to be a philosophy with many different applications. One of them is that CRM is a strategic tool that involves marketing, sales, service, and supporting technologies that produce mutual value, revenue, solutions, and efficiency to businesses and customers. Through those applications CRM is focused on assisting the customer service process and identifying customers’ values. Its goal is focused on optimizing customers’ experiences through adding values to their servi ces. 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Cloning Essay Research Paper The Future of free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper The Future of Cloning Cloning worlds has late become a possibility that seems much more executable in today # 8217 ; s society than it was 20 old ages ago. It is a method that involves the production of a group of indistinguishable cells or beings that all derive from a individual person ( Grolier 220 ) . It is non known when or how cloning worlds truly became a possibility, but it is known that there are two possible ways that we can clone worlds. The first manner involves dividing an embryo into several halves and making many new persons from that embryo. The 2nd method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already bing human being and cloning them, in bend making other persons that are indistinguishable to that peculiar individual. With these two methods about at our fingertips, we must inquire ourselves two really of import inquiries: Can we make this, and should we? There is no uncertainty that many jobs affecting the technological and ethical sides of this issue will originate and will b e virtually impossible to avoid, but the overall thought of cloning worlds is one that we should accept as a possible world for the hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on Cloning Essay Research Paper The Future of or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Biotechnology holds the promise of longer, healthier lives. Whether it is better interventions for diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease and Alzheimer s or disease immune harvests that may assist extinguish hungriness around the universe. Prospects for the benefits that this engineering may bring forth might be exciting even for those of usage who know nil about the scientific discipline behind the research now under manner. Even with all of the good that biotechnology can accomplish, nevertheless, there are columns, such as the one published in the Washington Post entitled Don t Clone People, that province the terrorization things that could go on where this cutting border information could fall into the incorrect custodies. The column claims that possible determination of the British authorities to raise the prohibition on human cloning curative intents is incorrect, because it will pave the manner for the birth of the first human ringer. This literary piece brought approxi mately many interesting grounds in the signifier of inquiries that leaves one pondering on many of the controversial issues. What if person is able to scramble a individual s familial cryptography and make a superhuman? What if parents started picking the colour of their kid s hair and eyes, his or her IQ, tallness and endowments before they are even born? Or, what if persons were discriminated against because their Deoxyribonucleic acid indicates that they are predisposed toward mental unwellness, alcohol addiction or homosexualism. This might sound like the dawdler for a scientific discipline fiction film, but one should cognize that there is grounds that people are already seeking to make some reasonably chilling things through biotechnology, more specifically through cloning. If the idea of a universe full of cloned animate beings makes you scared, merely delay, because it gets worse. Lurking in a little pocket of this engineering sphere are people who want to utilize scientific discoveries for baleful things. These people are willing to feed upon sorrowing parents and convert them that cloning is an easy, although expensive, manner to stop their agony. The article backs up it s grounds by saying that, whether successful or non, the fact that person may even be seeking to clone a homo should be terrorizing to everyone and should do us sit up and take notice. One should non merely brush this aside and count on it neer go oning, because the possible result is so dang erous that we need to move as if it could go on tomorrow. As a consequence Cloning should be illegal because it is degrading to worlds. Cloning dainties worlds like guinea hogs. It besides creates a household mystifier ; conceive of if an sterile twosome was to bring forth a ringer of the male spouse in order to hold a kid. This poses some interesting jobs. Worlds are non trim parts, unlike cars, liquidizers and computing machines ; human existences are non trade goods. We are more than the sum sum of our parts. Some of the most powerful people in the universe have felt compelled to move against this menace. The ex-president Clinton fleetly imposed a bad on federal support for human-cloning research. Bills are in the plants in both houses of Congress to criminalize human cloning which it taken to be a basically evil thing that must be stopped. Today, the subject of cloning generates more argument so it has of all time created earlier. The contention over cloning is based, in portion, on the fact that there are utmost opposing point of views on the topic. Besides a major factor in the argument over cloning is a fright of new engineering, as depicted throughout the column. Yet, in my sentiment I believe cloning is good to human sort, because, if cloning were allowed, scientists would come up with ways to clone organic structure variety meats, which are an exact reproduction of an single organic structure organ. This would examine to be good to a individual who may hold a malfunctioning organic structure organ. Cloning would heighten the possibilities of suppressing diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease. Cloning could be used to increase the population of endangered species of animate beings and therefore salvage them from entire extinction. This would assist keep a natural balance on the Earth and have a uninterrupte d natural life rhythm. Cloning would surely profit twosomes that are sterile and want to hold a kid of their ain, therefore they could utilize cloning to bring forth a babe with their similar features. Equally of import adult females who are individual could hold a kid, utilizing cloning alternatively of unreal insemination. Cloning could besides supply a transcript of a kid for a twosome whose kid had died. Cloning has the ability to alter the face of the planet everlastingly. We should be excited that we are able to double such a complex sequence of cistrons. We should at least let this to go on because if we neer explore the hazards so we can neer bask the benefits. Should we clone human existences? Before we decide on an reply, we must retrieve that the topic of human cloning, like any issue with wide-ranging effects, is full of complexnesss that can non be dismissed offhand with a simple affirmatory or negative reply. As most of us know by now, Keith Campbell, a Scots scientist, cloned a sheep over a twelvemonth ago. One may believe that cloning is a good thing because it is new, but one must see the deductions of it. Cloning must be stopped because it can do war or even destruct a civilisation. This predating thought is the 1 presented throughout the Washington Post column Don t Clone People. When we learn to clone worlds, there will decidedly be medical benefits. Just say a deceasing kid needs a bone marrow graft and the household could non happen a compatible giver. What does one make? One could clone an exact extra of that kid and take whatever parts you needed in order to salvage the kid # 8217 ; s life. Don t let the forces of ignorance and fright turn us back from the research. There is no demand to worry we can non clone small Napoleon s. Merely populating cells can be cloned.

Research Proposal Global Financial Crisis Essay Example

Research Proposal: Global Financial Crisis Essay Definition and Types of Crises There are four general types of financial crisis (listed below) and many crisis situations may have elements of all of these types or only of one of them. Currency crisis. A currency crisis occurs when there is a speculative attack on the exchange rate, that devaluates domestic currency or significantly depreciates a floating currency. A currency crisis occurred in Europe in 1992 when United Kingdom and Italy were forced to leave the ERM. Banking crisis. A banking crisis happens when investors lose confidence in banks and withdraw their deposits that, causing a run on the banks. Banking crisis can also happen when banks make many bad loans and investments, that they become insolvent. In both cases banks are forced to close or ask government for help. The most famous banking crisis occurred in the United States in the beginning of 1930s, when more than 10,000 banks collapsed. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal: Global Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal: Global Financial Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal: Global Financial Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Systematic financial crisis. Systematic financial crisis is a devastating disruption in financial marketing affecting the whole economy. Systematic financial crisis may involve banking and currency crises, as well as breakdown of equity and bond markets and money market institutions. Systematic financial crises happen not so often as other types of crises and usually involve a major political collapse. A systematic financial crisis happened in Serbia in 1993 and was accompanied by hyperinflation. Foreign debt crisis. Foreign debt crisis occurs when a country is unable to keep up the interest payments on the foreign debt. This situation may trigger currency and banking crises. In such cases, countries usually ask IMF for help. This type of crisis happened very often in the modern history. A big crisis occurred in 1982 and affected many Latin American countries, including Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. The survival of many US and UK banks that have invested in these countries has been threatened. Origins of Crises All crises usually have common causes, which include creation of unsustainable economic imbalances in asset prices and exchange rates. Many crises have been causes by a sudden loss of confidence in a banking system. A big financial crisis has occurred in Asia in 1997. A currency crisis has evolved into banking crisis and affected Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. These countries have experienced several years of constant growth and were known as the success story of the world economy. The banks have made many loans, since profits were rising, as well as equity and property prices. Very few loans defaulted and bankers got too confident in the ability of borrowers to repay their loans. Many young bankers have seen only financial growth and did not expect any other conditions. Asset prices were driven up by speculators who borrowed money to buy assets, which in turn was also driving assets prices up. When an asset bubble burst, it created a chain of bankruptcies. In addition to that, good times have covered up that many banks were poorly run and that a system of banking regulations was inadequate. The financial crisis caused bankruptcies and financial problems for millions of people. Asian crisis was very similar to the current crisis and it is surprising that the Asian crisis in 1997-1998 did not teach the rest of the world a lesson. Asian crisis did raise several questions in the rest of the world, namely whether government should control asset prices. Assets here are referred to such assets as houses and factories, as well as partially to prices of securities, including company shares. Before the crises, the main approach was that government should keep under control retail prices. It was believed that if retail prices are stable they will eventually stabilize asset prices. However, this approach did not take into account asset price bubbles. Such bubbles can cause significant damage to the economy, however, they can be prevented if necessary policies and regulations are in place. Causes of the Current Financial Crisis Just like before the Asian crises of the 90s, financiers, bankers and lawmakers during the last several years, became too confident in the market growth and stability. There were no financial regulations to prevent risk concentration. Macroeconomic policies did not prevent acceleration of systemic risks in the financial system and in housing market. For seven years in a raw interest rates were low and economy growth was high. Compensation is financial companies was based on short-term profit, which stimulated risk-taking. Financial institutions were not properly controlled and supervised. Everyone apparently relied on the market discipline and due diligence, which, as it turns out, has failed. The regulators did not have enough information about the risk activities of the banks. The US Government has temporally banned short selling in more than 900 financial institutions. The ban was lifted in October. Current Credit Crisis Credit crisis is dragging the U.S. and together with them the rest of the world into very deep recession. In the last decades the economic slow-downs were quite mild mainly because the consumer spending was more or less stable, which in turn was possible due to the numerous ways to borrow money. Since 1985, consumer personal savings were steadily declining and debt was tremendously increasing. People were spending and borrowing more and more. No one would be surprised now to see that a person has 15 credit cards. Now the period of great spending seems to be over. Stock markets and house values have dropped and consumers spending decrease. These negative financial factors are driving out of business many companies all over the world. The firms that go out of business lay off workers, who, after losing their job, might not be able to pay their bills and file for bankruptcy. Banks all over the world are not issuing enough credits. Many corporations are not able to obtain working capital which prevents their development. Foreign investors are especially reluctant to invest in developing countries since their economic systems are more vulnerable. Almost no securities are issued and equity prices have significantly declined. Subprime mortgage crises The subprime mortgage crisis is one of the main triggers of the financial crises in the United States. It started in late 2006 and caused a chain effect crisis in the financial markets worldwide throughout 2007, 2008 and 2009. The crisis began with the bursting of the US housing bubble and the big number of defaulted borrowers of â€Å"subprime† credits and other adjustable rate mortgages made to people with less income or poor credit history. The mortgage crisis expressed itself in liquidity problems in the banking system and high number of foreclosures. The loan incentives and the trend of stable price rising in the housing sector pushed the borrower to assume mortgages, thinking that later on they will be able to refinance their loans at more favorable conditions. But when the prices of the real estate started going down in 2006 – 2007, refinancing became less feasible due to the rising adjustable interest rates. Borrowers had to pay more than their property was wort h. During 2007, the default rate rose with 79% compared to 2006 and around 1,3 Million properties in the United States were subject to foreclosure. The first ones to be affected were the mortgage lenders who retained the credit risk – borrowers were unable or unwilling to make the payments. Among such lenders is New Century Financial Corporation, which used to be the second lender in the country. Major banks and financial institutions suffered huge losses. â€Å"The failure of these companies has caused prices in the $6.5 trillion mortgage backed securities market to collapse, threatening broader impacts on the U.S. housing market and economy as a whole.† Subprime lending has become a common practice in the United States during the last decades. Unfortunately, land owners very often lend their lands to people with poor credit ability. Poor credit characteristics put under doubt financial responsibility of some subprime borrowers. In these cases lenders take on risks cooperating with such borrowers. Lenders use different methods to compensate this risk. They use higher interest rate, higher over limit fees, higher yearly fees, or higher late fees as a compensation for poor credit ability. â€Å"These late fees are then charged to the account, which may drive the customer over their credit limit, resulting in over limit fees.† The subprime mortgage crisis is the most severe real estate recession, it is far from over and it is growing drastically spreading in nearly every major US city. The prices of home decline and the number of filing for foreclosure rises with a pace unseen before. According to the SP/Case-Shiller composite index for 20 cities the house prices tumbled 12.7% in February compared with 2007’s rate. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research this drop left around nine million people who have to pay to the lenders more that their properties are worth. This amount is 10% of the mortgage borrowers, another 6% are behind their schedule for payment. Loan providers are foreclosing on many houses amounting to more than a million. The pessimistic opinions is that the amount of defaults will rise more and more and it will exercise pressure on home prices pushing them further down. It is very likely to happen in short term whereas in long term there is light in the tunnel. The falli ng prices have made homes a bit more affordable, the government is also putting efforts into the ongoing real estate issue. Even though measures were taken by the Federal government and the Federal Reserve, the forecast for declining house prices remains until the excess inventory has been gradually removed. But the problem the world economy faces is not only the mortgage market shrinking but the three-fold effect that the price deflation brings along. The first one logically is the tougher credit conditions banks require for loans which, some experts believe, should have been done long time ago. The second effect is worsening of the labor market with rising unemployment and slowing salaries. The wages in 2008 in the private sector have risen with 3.6%. This is the worst result since mid-2003. On the other hand the inflation hit a record of almost 4% for the same period which make the real pay falling. The third effect of the subprime market crisis is pushing the commodity prices high up. The strongest impact the crisis had, was on the financial markets. A chain effect was created around the world. As already mentioned above many banks like Bank of America, Citibank, Merrill Lynch, UBS and others have written off billions of dollars. Bear Sterns Bank was bailed out by JP Morgan Chase with the support of the government. These events made the policy makers in many developed countries to undertake more aggressive actions in order to soften the disastrous impact. The first step was to provide liquidity and undertake saving operations for some troubled bank (above ex.: Bear Sterns Bank). The second step was to cut interest rates. In order the boost the economy and to stimulate investment the Currently the home prices are still going down and the sales are decreasing. The experts do not see the situation otherwise until the credit markets loosen and nobody expect encouraging financial figures from the construction companies. The recessions are healthy for any economy and happen once in a while, however the coming recession is promising to deeper and longer than many before. My biggest fear is that the Great Depression of the 1929 soon will be known as the first Great Depression. As I said already, theoretically there is nothing wrong with recession, it is not a sign of â€Å"sick† economy, however, the unethical behavior of financial institutions that brought about this depression is really disturbing. Several big financial institutions were gambling with their investors’ money and as a result the whole world might be facing were problematic economic conditions soon. It seems like the whole financial system is falling in a domino effect. Some experts blame American government for subsidizing house buying and making houses seem artificially more attractive. Government spent millions of money to encourage home ownership, because it thinks that people who own homes are more stable and obedient. Government thought that home owners will save more than they would do otherwise, however, home-equity loans increased spending. Government subsidies are not the main cause of the inflation, but it certainly helped it to intensify. Government involvement The current financial crises has caused the most severe recession since World War II. The economy is expected to decrease by 1.3% in 2009 and to start slow recovery a year after. The improvement is possible mainly due to the governments’ involvement. IMF Chief Economist Olivier Blanchard believes that by the end of 2009 the unemployment will start decreasing and growth can become positive again. According to IMF, financial sector restructuring is now the main priority for the governments. Obviously governments all over the world have to interfere to save their financial systems. Governments take various measures including interest rate cuts, capital injections, and lending guarantees to restore liquidity, revive the ailing banking system and rebuild investors’ confidence. This financial crisis has shown how interdependent many financial organizations are. If government will not support one collapsing bank, it can lead to collapse of several others. As a results, financi al organizations that have taken excessive risks and have incurred incredible loses are being saved by the governments and tax-payers money. It can convey a wrong message to other organizations that will also decide to take excessive risk hoping that the government will bail them out if necessary. So far government institutions did not come up with the way how to track interdependency and interconnection of the companies in order to notice when they are too connected. In the years after the recession, policy-makers might need to concentrate on the way to decrease domino effect from financial institution’s collapse. Financial analysts are proposing rules to regulate short selling. Many countries have already introduced some restrictions on this practice after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008. Short seller benefits when the prices are decreasing. Some experts say that short selling has caused collapse of several companies and that the policies should be restricted or modified, however, there is no unanimous opinion on this matter among the regulators. U.S central bank has cut interest rates to 1.5%. Loans are becoming more accessible with the lowering of rates, and it creates a hope that more people and businesses put money into the economy. Stock exchanges around the world reacted to the decline in rates, but not very strongly. Virtually all of the world’s governments are now developing and take crisis measures, including collaboration with other countries to mitigate the possible effects of the economic downturn. Perhaps, it is due to the current crisis will occur soul-searching that bring together the positions of many politicians and economists. In the face of modernity such global economic crisis requires global action and concerted action by various countries. However, not everyone understands this fact continuing to swing the â€Å"boat† and risking themselves to â€Å"fall into the water†. Crisis in Europe Germany had a very careful housing market policy, however, it did not escape the crisis. The government now is trying to avoid using taxpayers money without punishing shareholders, but this move might be inevitable. Germany is also very reluctant to nationalize banks. Government of Spain increased deposit guarantees, banned naked short selling, and approved measures that allow government to buy bank shares. The United Kingdom cut interest rates in October 2008, increased level of saving guaranteed. French government provided ˆ320 billion to guarantee bank lending and temporarily banned short selling. Austria provided unlimited guarantee on bank deposits, injected ˆ15 billions to boost bank capital, and limited amount of short selling. Crisis in Middle East Financial institutions in Middle East and Africa have not been as vulnerable to the financial crises as the Western world, because they are not completely integrated in the global financial system. Nevertheless, according to the World Bank, the region experiences decline in growth rates and growth in 2009 is expected to be lower than in 2008 in all countries except from Qatar and Yemen. The growth of Qatar and Yemen will be supported by increasing available natural gas resources. According to IMF, Middle Eastern economy will grow 2.5% in 2009, which is a significant decline compared to 5.9% in 2008 (See Table 1). Middle East and Africa are expected to slow down in their growth, but will not be as affected by the crisis as other developing regions, such as Eastern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia and Pacific, In Egypt, economic growth slowed by 3.6% and unemployment rose to 8.8%. Several big construction projects sponsored by foreign investors stopped in Dubai, which resulted in significant job loss. Countries of Middles East and Africa can be divided into four groups depending on their reaction to financial crisis: First group consists of oil exporters, countries that are financially strong and have small population – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. This group is least vulnerable to the financial crisis. Despite the fact that their stock markets were in trouble during 2008, the governments managed to relax monetary policy – they provided capital and guaranteed deposits to the investors. Decline in oil prices will slow down the growth of these countries, with the exception of Qatar, whose GDP is expected to grow 29%. The growth of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the UAE the growth is supposed to be around zero. These countries have large financial reserves, which are expected to help get the countries over the crisis. The governments of these countries got involved on the early stages of the crisis to protect their banking systems and stock markets. They relaxed monetary policy, secured deposits and provided new capital where it was needed. Government of Saudi Arabia introduced a significant investment spending plan and gave capital to Saudi Credit bank to secure credits to people with low income. Second group of countries are also oil exporters, but with relatively large populations – Algeria, Iraq, Iran, Libya and Syria. These countries have entered the crisis with less financial reserves. Iran’s government is using fiscal contraction measures and Algeria is drawing down the reserves. Third group consists of countries that do not export oil – Jordan, Lebanon, Yemen and Djibouti. Lebanon and Jordan depend on tourism and foreign financial aid, both of which have declined. Migrant workers are returning to the countries, which will increase unemployment rate and government will face some difficulties. Jordan announced fiscal stimulus package and guaranteed deposits in the domestic banks. Despite forecasts, Lebanon did surprisingly good in 2008 – its GDP grew 9%. The number of tourists in the first three months of 2009 has increased 50% compared with the previous year. The property prices remain steady. The economic growth and stability is surprising taking into account country’s turbulent political situation. Four years ago, head of the Lebanese central bank prohibited dealing in mortgage-linked securities. Iran and some other reach Gulf countries have provided significant financial aid to Lebanon after its war with Israel in 2006. Lebanon still h as huge national debt which is equal to 162% of its GDP, so country still has a long way to go in order to improve its financial situation. Forth group consists of countries that heavily rely on tourism from Europe – Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt. These countries have already experienced decline of numbers of tourists and worsening of economic conditions. Egypt created a fiscal stimulus package directed to create new jobs and improve infrastructure. Tunisian government is taking measures to increase employment rate.Auguste Kouame, Acting Chief Economist for the MENA Region suggests that countries in Middle East should change their social security policies and create social support programs for the parts of population that have suffered the most from the crisis. Social benefit programs will help economy to recover faster. It is important to support employment and develop infrastructure. Eastern Europe and Central Asia Unlike Middle East, Eastern Europe and Central Asia were hit really hard by the crisis. After several years of growth, financial crisis brought millions people in this region back to poverty. According to the World Bank, by the end of 2010, 35 million people will live in poverty or slightly above it. Albania, Moldova and Tajikistan have been hit especially hard by the crisis. It is obviously imperative for the governments of the Region to meet the urgent and immediate needs of their citizens,† said Shigeo Katsu, World Bank Vice President for the Europe and Central Asia Region. â€Å"Safety net programs – school feeding programs, nutrition, conditional cash transfer projects, cash for work – are important not only in times of crisis, but in the long-run they help to protect the poor and allow governments to avoid other more costly or inefficient policies. And if programs are well targeted, you do not need exorbitant amounts to protect the poor. Their cost – at less than one percent of GDP – can go a long way and is a small price to pay.† Among Eastern European countries, Poland is relatively better of than its neighbors. It has received a $20.5 billion credit from the IMF. But for Poland it was not a bail-out like for Ukraine, Hungary and Latvia. It was a precautionary measure and money were offered only to top borrowers. Polish central bank has ct interest rates from 6% to 3.75%. Polish consumers have relatively fast wage growth and low level of debt, which makes them spending more. Nevertheless, the country faces serious problems: migrant workers are returning from Western Europe which drove unemployment to 11.2%. Polish government is more stable than many others in Eastern Europe. An asset-price bubble has already occurred in Poland several years ago and government has taken necessary measures to prevent it from happening again. Bank regulations have restrained borrowing in foreign currency. Compared to the neighbors in the region, Polish politic and economy looks relatively stable and plans to introduce euro in 2 012-2015. Legal Responses Experts are predicting growing number of civil and criminal lawsuits as a result of the financial crisis. For example, recently there was a billion-dollar lawsuit filed against KPMG, one of the four biggest auditing companies. The claim of the lawsuit is that KPMG’s negligent audits helped cause the collapse of the largest subprime mortgage provider in the United States. New Century Financial Corporation has filed for bankruptcy two years ago and triggered collapse of other firms and banks, which suffered losses from mortgage-linked securities. Debtors of New Century Financial Corporation accuse KMPG in covering up problems of the company, its accounting and financial errors. In 2008, there was a lawsuit against Merrill Lynch because the terms of its acquisition of Bank of America were unfair. AIG was sued for losses of pension. However, it is not going to be easy to satisfy all the claims, since many companies are filing for bankruptcy, like, for example, Lehman Brothers. All the lawsuits against this company are frozen and funds to pay the claims will be limited. Getting money out of nationalized companies, such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and AIG will be also not easy. Lawyers are also planning to press charges against rating agencies that approved many questionable operations. Accusations of executive excess, accounting fraud and lack of disclosure are very popular now. Significant amount of information is becoming public very fast and it becomes easier to find someone to blame. Shareholders and debtors can pursue even companies that incurred significant losses because of their liability insurance. Shareholders have files lawsuits not only against the corporations, but against directors and officers. Rating agencies are blamed for not spotting the subprime crisis. City of Baltimore pressed charges against Wells Fargo bank N.A. for targeting mainly African-American customers in their subprime lending activities. Many experts argue that the crisis was foreseeable and this notion promises much new litigations. There appeared a new area of law – financial crisis law. Law firms are creating financial crisis to help the customers manage their financial difficulties. Some financial observers argue that corporations are using their power and influence to prevent government from passing new regulations and necessary reforms. Many questions remain unanswered still, for example, should there be new laws to prevent institutions to become too big to fail? Should existing large corporations be split up? I my opinion, given the current global financial environment, there should be big corporations. However, the regulations how to monitor such big corporations should change. European Parliament is working now on the new legislature that is supposed to improve risk management and help avoiding financial crisis in the future. Bibliography

Muscle Physiology essays

Muscle Physiology essays Muscles differ in shape, size, and purpose. There are three categories of muscles in the human body. These categories are skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. The skeletal is attached to bone and moves the skeleton under voluntary control. The smooth forms the walls of blood vessels and body organs to modify the activity of body parts under involuntary control. The cardiac is the muscle of the heart which provides contractile activity under involuntary control. Skeletal Muscle movements are controlled by nerve impulses sent to motor units causing muscle contractions. Skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of fibres, containing many nuclei, connected to the bone by connective tissue attachments called tendons. Its function is to position parts of the skeleton to allow movement. Each fibre is made up of a number of myofilaments. Myofibrils are thread like fibres which run along one another within the muscle fibre. Furthermore, within myofibrils are contained contractile sheaths called sarcomeres. In turn these consist of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) protein myofilaments. While contractions occur the myosin and actin filaments slide across one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten. When many sarcomeres shorten at once, the entire fibre contracts thus creating movement. Muscles are surrounded by connective tissues. These consist of two types of protein fibres, collagenous and elastic. Collagnous tissue provides resistance to tension while elastic tissue provides elasticity. These connective tissues consist of tendons, ligaments and fascial sheaths. The fascial sheaths are categorized into three types. The three categories are Endomysium, Perimysium, and Epimysium. Endomysium are the inner sheaths and bind single muscle fibres, perimysium are sheaths which binds numerous muscle fibres, and epimysium are the outer sheaths which bind the entire muscle fibre. ...

Global Warming and how it effects he world in a negative way and how Essay

Global Warming and how it effects he world in a negative way and how it must be stopped - Essay Example The outcomes are very severe like those of glacier’s melting as the internal environment of the globe heats up, which can cause an increase in sea level which would eventually be disastrous for coastal cities round the globe. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Third Assessment Report projected various emission outcomes, under which North America, over the next century could warm at 1-3˚C in under low emissions, or 3.5-7.5˚C in a high emissions scenario (Gupta 41). Every other country is suffering from the effects of global warming and it has become a big environment opponent. But a big issue in stopping global warming is that the emission of carbon dioxide guaranty increased economic activity and hence, it cannot be slowed down or diminished completely. A wise solution is that ethanol must be used in automobiles as a fuel since it is renewable and does not cause as much green house effect as caused by burning of other fossil fuels. No doubt the concep t of global warming swallowing the whole earth has greatly mobilized the people and they are trying any possible means to reduce its effect like performing recycling and using alternative fuels (ethanol fuel

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Gross Domestic Product of the United States in 2009 - Research Paper Example The research "Gross Domestic Product of the United States in 2009" examines how this year’s GDP compares with last year’s GDP both in real and nominal terms. Moreover, based on the limitations of national accounting it is discussed whether GDP provides valuable information for measuring economic activity over time. The table in appendix 1 shows the nominal GDP in billion dollar terms, its annual growth rate, GDP deflator with base year 2005=100, real GDP in billion dollar terms and its growth rate from 1950 to 2009.Real GDP is calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to GDP deflator. The whole data is collected from the Federal Reserve Bank of St: Louis Economics Research Section. The table shows that both real and nominal GDP have been decelerating at annual growth rate of 1.74 percent and 2.6 percent respectively. 9 big expansions and 10 big recessions can be seen for nominal GDP from figure1. 13 big expansions can be seen from the above figure3. 9 recessions can be counted. The growth has been more or less stable in the last 20 years as compared to 1960-1990 since the peaks and troughs are comparatively low in this period. Figure 2 and figure 4 shows the forecasts for nominal GDP and real GDP growth till 2015. They show highly decelerating growth rates of -2 and -4 percentage respectively for real and nominal GDP growth rates. Though the national accounts system and GDP statistics in USA have been considered as the most developed in the world, many economists have raised serious objections regarding treating GDP as an appropriate measure of economic activity over time.

Importance of Command Essay Example for Free

Importance of Command Essay The chain of command is an important structure in the military. First it allows problem to be handled at the lowest level possible in the command. If a military personnel has a problem he would go to his NCO first before going to their SCNOs or Commander; this way he isn’t stepping on people’s feet and everyone is aware of the situation so they can get it fixed. You also have to think of it in a war situation. If there was no chain of command then everyone would think they are in charge. If an NCO tells a private to go do this, then the private knows to just go do it. If there was no chain of command then the private would probably try and tell the NCO off and then he will probably end up getting shot by the enemy. You work your way through the chain of command by rank and experience. This is why no one is going to question an order coming from someone higher ranking with more experience. As well as if the person believes that their situation needs to be addressed and executes the wrong decision then what more can that person do? Everyone learns through their mistakes and no one is perfect in this world, but with a bad situation comes with bad judgment and lack of decision making. In the civilian world they also use Chain of Command as well for example, most organizations have an established chain of command that is essential for effective management, accountability, and a strong means of operation. Whether its because individuals now have higher expectations or perhaps it is simply out of force of habit, many of us want to go right to the top with our complaints. In terms of fairness and efficiency, this is not appropriate for their athlete programs as it creates the necessity for an established chain of command. As a leader, you must start by educating everyone on the significance of your chain of command. You can do this in a variety of ways to give the person in need of dire help ready for anything. We initially cover the chain of command in boot camp when a recruit needs to use the head or needs to go to medical for any apparent reason. Because of the strong support from our Chain of Command and our efforts to educate and communicate and have high expectations, most new military personnel observe the neglect as if no one cares for them. For this they need to be supportive to them and give them that security that everything is getting handled as fast as they can, as a result this will significantly decrease the number of complaints and any further problems that may occur or rise. In any situation the NCOs will tell the lower rank have you mentioned this to anyone or how long has this problem been going on. In any form of situation regardless if they brought it up or not, the chain of command needs to be properly used in order for the personnel not to get in any trouble. Back to summarizing boot camp; while the recruits were in the depot they aren’t used to being yelled at or being bossed around like if they weren’t anything but as the days went on they grew accustomed to the new procedures that they were doing. Whatever the reason they needed to talk to the Drill Instructor, they went and knocked at the hatch of their doors and said the correct phrase and correct greeting of the day. After being heard they would ask the Drill Instructor if they could use the head or go to medical or go to dental or if they have any financial issues back home or had to go the bank or post office for any reason. It not only starts while you’re in boot camp but as being back home when you were still a civilian. When you need something you were still using your chain of command with your parents, depending which one was more soft or tough on you that’s the person you would go talk to about whatever you needed or wanted. For example, if you needed gas money or a ride to the movies you would ask your parents, could have been your mother you ask because she could be the soft one that would allow you to go or give you money of any kind. As a result not only do we use chain of command in the military but we used it back home and never realized it until you enlist in the military and experience it yourself. Leadership, accountability, efficiency, morale, and a sense of order all depend upon your chain of command. Why it is important to follow proper instruction procedures in the military is for many reasons. As military personnel, it is our responsibility to not only follow instruction/orders, but to execute the command. Not following orders can result into consequences not only for the personnel whom committed not following instructions, but also it can put others at risk too. Like your NCO in charge of you, to your Team Leader, to your Platoon Sergeant, to your 1st Sergeant, to your Company Commander, to your Brigade Commander, and so on. Not only can your NCO in charge of you, your Team Leader, your Platoon Sergeant, your 1st Sergeant, your Company Commander, and your Brigade Commander could all get into trouble for your actions of not following direct instructions/orders. But some may lose rank in the process including the personnel whom didn’t follow the specific instructions/orders giving by a personnel higher rank than those individual personnel. Also when you are down range deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan, North Korea, and other combat places we have our units fighting the war at, not only can a personnel lose rank but in fact not following directions/orders you could get a personnel fighting alongside of you in the war killed in combat but you as well. Try to explain to a spouse, or a mother and father, better yet the personnel kids that the reason why your parent, father or mother isn’t coming home to see you is because you failed to follow proper instructions/ orders giving to you and that is why your parent father or mother isn’t coming home to you. Not only is it important to follow instructions/orders, but you as the military personnel could lose rank. The purpose of the Chain of Command is to install structure, discipline and respect into newer enlisted military personnel. Each branch has its own secretary that assigns forces under their jurisdictions to unify and specific commanders they perform missions and report back to their chain of command. The chain of command starts with the Commander-in-Chief (the U. S. President) and works its way down to the lowest ranking private in the Army, Navy or Marine Corps. Within the military, the chain of command is a method for leading and communicating. In addition to being a chain of command within the officer ranks, one of the main purposes of the chain of command is to be the back bone of the NCO support channel. The discipline and order that the every branch maintains is what makes their branch the strongest in the world. From the moment you raise your hand and join the military you do as you are instructed at any time to complete any mission during the time allotted, once completed whoever at the time has to report back to the Chain of Command. The chain of command is extremely important. The importance of the chain of command is that it provides stability inside the work place for when incidents come about that need to be dealt with it sets up the structure for which you report all good and bad thing accidents, mistakes, tardiness, and anything that can allow the mission of the day to be slowed down. All incidents in essence are intended to be dealt with on the lowest level before it is brought up to highest personnel as well as other reasons such as it helps build leadership, responsibility and common knowledge of how to run a stable work place. Such as the leadership aspect it helps people who are or would not normally be able to take control of situations and control how things are ran they can take control and help whoever it is with the problem When it works well. When it doesnt work right, leadership is ineffective and some personnel end up doing other peoples jobs for them.

Executive Summary of Proctor and Gamble :: Bounty Toilet Paper Marketing Essays

Executive Summary of Proctor and Gamble Proctor & Gamble will introduce the new Bounty Toilet Paper during the first week of December 1999. This brand of toilet paper will take the already established idea used with Bounty Paper Towels, and modify to the toilet paper world. Bounty has always stressed the idea of taking the least amount of the product, but still getting the job done while at same time consisting of a strong durability. Never before has such attributes of durability and effectiveness been used in a toilet paper brand, therefore P&G hopes to establish Bounty Toilet Paper as a leader in the industry. Proctor & Gamble understands the high competition that already exists in the toilet paper industry, but feel that new Bounty Toilet Paper will change how this industry is geared. In recent times, toilet paper producers have stressed comfort and style in the production of their products, but as the times have changed, the American public is now more interested in getting the job done in the shortest amount of time with the smallest amount of the product. P&G have produced Bounty Toilet Paper because of this change in the lifestyle of Americans. With this focus on effectiveness and durability, Bounty will go into the new Millennium leading the toilet paper world. Company Background Proctor and Gamble was founded in Cincinnati, OH, by William Proctor and James Gamble in 1837. Initially the company was started to compete with the 14 other soap and candle makers already established in Cincinnati, but around the end of the century, Proctor and Gamble dropped candle manufacturing altogether to focus on soap production. By 1890, Proctor and Gamble had increased their production to over 30 different types of soap. During 1911, Proctor and Gamble introduced Crisco, the first all-vegetable shortening, beginning what would be the first in a long line of different unrelated products the company would develop in the future. Such products include Tide washing detergent, Crest toothpaste, Charmin toilet paper, Pampers baby diapers, Folgers coffee, Bounce fabric softener, Pert Plus shampoo, and Bounty paper towels, just to name a few. With these products, and the more than thousand others, Proctor and Gamble leads the world in sales in almost all categories of household products. Sales hit the one million mark by 1859, roughly 22 years after the company was formed.

Unit 4 Business P7

P7: Outline electronic and non-electronic methods for communicating business information, using examples for different types of audience. The first type of information that I am focusing on is written information that is on screen, the form of the communication is a PowerPoint presentation which is used electronically to present information to members of staff. In Sainsbury’s they hold meetings regularly and my example of a time is when they had a new product that was coming into their store, the presentation explained the product and how they can promote it.This information is internal as it is in the business its self explained to its target audience who are the employees. The non-electronic method that Sainsbury’s have explained this new product is through posters, they are put onto the notice board for their target audience that is the customers. The purpose of the electronic and non-electronic methods of this information is to keep customers updated but also the me mbers of staff, the audiences are satisfied for the way that the information is presented to them.The second type of information that I am going to explain is verbal, the form of communication that is used is face-to-face and DVD’s. The target audience for the face-to-face information is the customers, an example of a non-electronic method is in Apple store there is a member of staff who would stand and present themselves to members of the public. Their aim is to sell the product and explain as much information as they possibly can, the benefit of this is that customers can ask questions and they can be answered directly then and there.The electronic method is the DVD’s that are handed out to the target audience the employees to watch about the new product that the company has brought out. This sort of communication is suitable for the employees as they can watch the video of the new product as many times as they need to learn more about it. The third type of communica tion is multimedia, this is an electronic form and the target audience is members of the public. I am going to focus on the company Costa that created an advert for their target audience, business men and women.Costa sells various hot and cold drinks to either sit in or take away, the advert is directed to business men and women as in the advert they state, â€Å"For the hard workers on the go, sit in for a drink or take away back to the office†. The disadvantage that Costa has with their advert is that it costs allot of money, it has a time limit of how much information they can show and the target audience would have to be watching the TV at the time.The non-electronic method is billboards that are shown to the general public, the target audience is then for everyone who is able to buy their drinks, the billboard shows their coffee being delicious and puts across a short message to make people buy it. This is a useful way of communication as it attracts all types of people and not just aimed at one sort of person, this would build up the amount of potential customers.

Hobbes Account of the State of Nature and the Formation...

Discuss and explain Hobbes’ account of â€Å"the state of nature† and the formation of society as presented in Chapters 13 and 14 of Leviathan. â€Å"The state of Nature† the natural condition of mankind deduced by, the 17th century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes in his book â€Å"Leviathan†. It is concept of the time period before the establishment of the government. It is the theory to denote the hypothetical condition of what the lives of the human beings might have been like before the civil society came into existence. According to the social contract theory there are no rules, rights and obligations in the state of nature. There is only freedom and no imposing restrictions upon individuals. It is a wild, primitive, unrefined state of living. People have to rely on their own strength and intuitions for protection. There is no civil or criminal law and absence of any political authority. The life is less than ideal and of inconvenience. According to Hobbes without governing body human beings are left to themselves and so the life will be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. For survival human becomes basically selfish, insensitive, mean, uncharitable, inconsiderate, unkind and even try to hurt or kill each other without hesitation for our own self. The state of nature is miserable, fearsome and at any rate to fare is very difficult so absolute government is always better for the systematic stable society to live in. Human should submit themselves to the absolute authorityShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of International Politics Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesof view, for example, considers the nation-state as the basic unit of analysis and explains its decisions within an anarchical world system. There is no central force or power that can regulate the rules among the states, as no form of a single viable international government is present, therefore the role of the state is to maximize its power independently. Unlike domestic societies, this anarchist system constructs a self help security system as no state can depend on the help of another. Another